Fuel for thought: CEV Engines

Increasing consumer preference for heavy load carrying capacity, high torque and low fuel consumption are anticipated to fuel the demand for such nonroad / CEV engines in India.

With the increasing building activities, the construction equipment market is projected to reach USD 160.84 billion by 2026.

Backhoe loaders and excavators are indispensable for any construction. Their demand is very high in developing countries where urbanization is happening at a fast pace. Bright prospects of the construction industry will, therefore, broaden the outlook of this market in the forthcoming period.

Engine and construction equipment manufacturers are facing their toughest emissions challenge yet with the release of new EU Stage V emissions legislation. OEM’s will be delivering maximum power and performance with new engine technology that is one further step towards a more sustainable tomorrow.

Stage V introduces particulate number (PN) limits for all manufacturers of engines between 19 kW and 560 kW, requiring diesel particulate filters (DPF) to be part of the EATS (Exhaust gas after treatment system) on the engine installation in the machines. In addition, there will be an increased focus on emissions during the machine’s usage.

The new emission norm will have improved, system for a charge air cooler, which cools the inlet air for better efficiency, and either a variable geometry turbo (VGT), designed to optimize the air-fuel ratio in the turbo to be altered as conditions change, or a fixed geometry turbo with waste gate (WG). A DPF has been designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine, while a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) serves to oxidize hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and water.

Highly sold construction equipment engines have 4.0-4.5L displacement and power of 74-150HP.

Turbochargers plays vital role in power delivery in heavy machinery by providing boosting hydraulic power instantaneously when required.

Demand…

The demand for passenger cars is surging in India owing to increasing per capita income and rising urbanization. Moreover, growth in construction and infrastructure industry is further driving demand for engines used in construction equipment.

Additionally, various government initiatives and schemes like Blue Revolution Deep Sea Fishing Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana, etc., along with rapid industrialization and commercialization of the economy are other major contributors to the growing engines market in India.

Furthermore, developmental programs for agriculture and power generation industries such as National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology’ and Saubhagya Scheme which aims at providing electricity to all would further aid the growth of India engines market during forecast period.

Moreover, existence of reputed industrial equipment and machinery manufacturers as well as industrial engine manufacturers in India is further anticipated to positively influence the market growth through 2025.

The Indian Industrial Engines Market can be segmented based on fuel type, power, end-use and region. Based on end-use, the Indian Industrial Engines Market can be segmented into mining and earth moving equipment, concrete equipment, material handling equipment and others. Out of these, the mining and earth moving equipment engine segment was the largest segment by volume in 2019 and is expected to dominate the market during the forecast period on account of heavy load carrying and transportation capability of these engines, coupled with extensive usage for various industrial applications.

Moreover, increasing consumer preference for heavy load carrying capacity, high torque and low fuel consumption, etc., are anticipated to fuel the demand for such industrial engines in India.

Regulatory Background

On March 5, 2018, India’s Ministry of Road Transport and Highways released the final rule for non-road Bharat Stage (CEV/Trem) IV and V emission standards,1 including stringent emission limits on particulate matter (PM), particulate number (PN) (BS V only), nitrogen oxide (NOX), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO). This is the first time India has adopted one set of consistent standards regulating both agricultural and construction equipment. The BS (CEV/Trem) IV and V standards are in general alignment with the European Stage IV and V standards for diesel engines used in nonroad mobile machinery. India has now become the first region outside of the European Union to adopt Stage V-equivalent emission standards, moving ahead of countries such as the United States, Japan and China in its control of emissions from new diesel powered non-road equipment. The regulation applies to diesel engine equipment, including agricultural tractors, construction equipment vehicles, and combine harvesters. The BS (CEV/Trem) IV standards set requirements for diesel engines between 37 and 560 kW, starting October 1, 2020. The BS (CEV/Trem) V standards, starting from April 1, 2024, cover a wider range of engines, including those smaller than 8 kW and those larger than 560 kW, and introduce PN limits for those engines with rated power between 19 and 560 kW. The required emission limits, durability periods deterioration factors, and test cycles are consistent with those in the European Stage IV and V standards. The stringent PM and PN limits are set at a level which will ensure diesel particulate filters, the key technology needed to effectively control particulate matter emissions from diesel engines, adopted as expected in the European Stage V standards. Engines equipped with selective catalytic reduction also must meet ammonia emission limits of 25 ppm for those less than 56 kW, and 10 ppm for those above 56 kW.

Bharat (CEV) Stage II – III emission standards for diesel construction equipment vehicles were adopted on 21 September 2006. The standards were structured into two tiers:

BS (CEV) II—These standards are based on the EU Stage I requirements, but also cover smaller engines that were not regulated under the EU Stage I.

BS (CEV) III—These standards are based on US Tier 2/3 requirements.

First standards for agricultural tractors, Bharat (Trem) Stage I, became effective in 1999. From the Bharat (Trem) Stage III A, emission requirements for agricultural tractors became harmonized with those for construction machinery for most engine categories.

In March 2018, India adopted Bharat Stage (CEV/Trem) IV – V emission standards for diesel non-road engines used in construction and agricultural equipment. The BS (CEV/Trem) IV emission standards are aligned with EU Stage IV standards, while the BS (CEV/Trem) V standards are aligned with EU Stage V. In September 2020, the standards for CEV and Trem were separated and the nomenclature changed.

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